Software component of computer , Programming languages , Internet , ICT , General studies , UPSC ESE

Software component of computer 

On the basis of IPR - intellectual property rights 

• It is defined as the property rights given to an individual that arises out of his or her intellectual wisdom. 
• Softwares also enjoy this property rights ,based on IPR software are of three categories. 

Open source software 

• The softwares have there sources good open to all. Therefore anybody can use it modify its and sell it without the prior permission of manufacturer .
• Some of the popular open source software are :

1. Linux: it is used for multiple purposes and even it is used in supercomputers also . 
2. Android : developed by Google in various forms ,it is used as operating software mostly in mobile devices. 
3. Open office: used for preparation of office documents. 
4. Libreoffice: used for preparation of office documents. 
5. Python: it is an open source programming language. 
6. WordPress :it is the most widely used software for developing blogs and website. 
7. HP - hypertext preprocessor :used for web designing ,web development, etc. 
8. SQL - structured query language: it is an open source programming language. 

Closed-source softwares 

• The software can not be used ,modified and sold without the prior permission of manufacturer for example Windows by Microsoft and IOS by Apple, Mac by Apple ,etc. 

Hybrid softwares 

• The software act as open and close software both. 
• Example :

1. Freeware :the software can be used only but can't be modified or sold without prior permission of manufacturer. Example WhatsApp, Facebook. 
2. Shareware: these softwares act as open source and closed source both because such software are available as open source for a limited period of time and space. After that it behaves a closed source software example Netflix, Amazon prime ,etc. 

On the basis of use 

Operating software 

• The softwares are used to operate the hardware also they are part of system hence it is called as system software also example Windows, iOS Mac ,OS ,etc. 

Application software 

• The software are used for a particular application. It can be in the form of integrated software form. 
• The operating software and also it can be based on those operating software. Example MS office ,MS word ,Windows media player, etc are based on Windows operating software. 
• similarly android has Chrome ,play store, Google map, etc. 

Note: app software use graphical user interface as a direct access to its data. 

Security based software 

• The software are useful to protect the system from external threats such as Microsoft defender ,Avast , avg , etc .

Programming languages 

• It is a special tool to develop a particular type of application software etc. 
• There are three main components of a programming language keyword ,punctuation ,operator. 

Keyword 

• It is the basic building block of a programming language 

Punctuation 

• It is a gap between two different instructions so as to remove the ambiguity. 

Operator 

• It is used to operate two different instruction generally it is in the form of mathematical expression such as plus minus multiply etc. 

Types of programming language :these are of two types 

High level programming language 

• These programming language can be directly used by humans and human can operate it directly example JavaScript ,python, etc. 

Low level programming language 

• Human can not directly operate such low level programming language. It is in the form of machine language. Assembly of such low level language is called as assembly language. 

Processor 

• It is a device that has the processing power the processing power of a computer is defined as the number of switches that a computer can perform in one cycle .

Parallel computing or processing 

• In a parallel processing multiple processors are joined together in parallel so that these processors can perform a large function in a small time for example dual core or octa core etc. 
• In parallel processing concept of entanglement and superposition is used due to entanglement all the processor work independent of each other but they cannot be separated. 
• Due to superposition result from which processor is superposed so that it appears as if a result from a single processor. 
• In a super computers millions of such processor are joined together in parallel to perform a large task. 

Drawbacks of parallel computing

• In parallel computing power consumption is much higher. 
• The heat output of parallel processor is also very high. 

Note: in a supercomputer gallium arsenide chips are used to reduce the heat output. 

Moore's law 

• According to it after every 18 months data complexity and data processing doubles therefore we need to double the number of switches. 
• This will lead to increase in size and more heat loss leading to more input and more inaccuracy of data. 
• Therefore moore's law suggested that to counter this problem after every 18 months number of switches should be doubled and the size of switch should be reduced to half. 
• This will lead to keeping the chip size as same but moore's law further suggested that after sometime the switch size will reach its critical limit after that it cannot be reduced further. 
• Therefore at this time around 2025 to 2030 the transistor based computing device will fail such as laptop ,desktop, mobile phone, etc. 
• On one of the perspective solution is lies in quantum computing. 

Internet 

Http -  hypertext transfer protocol

• It is responsible to transfer the data in hypertext from. 

Https - secure http 

• It is responsible for transfer of data in encrypted form ,it is more secure. 
• It is used as a security layer. 

SSL - security socket layer 

• it is used in multiple layers in entanglement. 
• It is mainly used for financial transaction, the transaction of data takes place in an encrypted form. 

URL - uniform resource locator 

• It is responsible to connect the data with the resource. 
• It represent an address of a certain file on TCP IP network. 
• It leads a user to a file on any computer connected to the internet anywhere in the world. 

DNS - domain name system

• It is responsible for connect the address uniquely to a domain. 
• It is to provide the unique domain name to all the web addresses. 

Note: http, DNS and filename are identified through URL. 

World wide web (WWW) 

Web 1.0 

• 1996
• Tim Berners Lee 
• Read only web. 
• Data is the king 
• example upsc.gov.in. 

Web 2.0 

• 2006 
• Tim 'o' Reilly 
• Read and write web 
• To write the data web mashup is used. 
• Web mashup means dragging ,hosting and pasting of data example Wikipedia, Facebook, etc  

Web 3.0 

• 2016 
• Tim berners Lee  
• Read ,write and executable web. 
• Executable web creates its own data. 
• For this it uses navigation example Amazon ,ola, Uber ,etc. 

RSS - rich site summary 

• it is web service tool that searches a particular type of data from the entire network of internet and sends it to a particular platform. 
• It removes a manual burden of looking for the data on internet. 
• Subscription-based services like use RSS bit torrent use RSS ,Google never used RSS. 

Ipv4 - internet protocol version 4 

• Launch 1996 
• Total bit address 2^32  

IPv6 - IP version 6 

• Launch 1998 
• Total bit address 2^128 

Mobile latency 

• It is the time gap between actual transfer of data and command for data transfer is given. 
• In higher generation latency should decrease ,therefore 5G has lowest latency. 

Mimo - multiple-input multiple-output 

• It is mimo antenna and roots ,higher is the speed and lower is the latency , therefore 5G has highest mimo. 

Generations of mobile

OG - half duplex

• Analog 
• Sms
• call waiting 
• call forwarding
• digital game

1G - full duplex

• analog
• sms 
• call waiting
• call forwarding
• digital games

2G - full duplex

• digital
• sms
• call waiting
• call forwarding
• digital games
• technology - circuit switch network technology was used

2.5G - 2G+internet

• tech - GPRS was introduced  based on packet switching

2.75G 

• tech - edge tech was introduced
• edge - enhanced data for GSM evolution

Note : edge tech uses idle time concept , during idle time data migrate to some other user increases the data speed and decreases the data cost

3G - WCDMA

• wide band code division multiple access
• It uses higher bandwidth
• It is called broadband technology
• It was dedicated for data speed

3.5G - HSDPA

• High speed downlink packet access technology
• It uses higher speed during the down linking process

3.5G+/3.75G/H+

• HSPA (high speed packet access) = HSDPA (high speed down link packet access) + HSUPA (high speed uplink packet access)
• It provides higher speed during down / up linking both

4G

• WIMAX - worldwide inter capability of microwave access
• LTE - it was lauched two years later than wimax by 3rd generation partnership project
• It works by creating paired network 
• Therefore it can provide speed upto 100 MBPS hence it was considered as a 4 G protocol.

5G

• Speed - 1gbps to 10gbps
• It uses highes mimo , lowest latency 
• Higher infrastructure cost due to large antennas .
• It will be based on internet of things , it will consume much lesser power.